In the 1930s, Lim Bo Seng participated in anti-Japanese activities in Singapore, particularly in supporting the China Relief Fund. He also formed the Chinese Liaison Committee to assist in civil defence. With the fall of Kota Bahru in Malaya in 1942, he and Tan Kah Kee organised more than 10,000 men for the British government to man essential services and to construct defences around the island. As Japanese troops descended upon Singapore, his men helped dynamite the Causeway.
Before Singapore fell to the Japanese, he escaped to India where Lim Bo Seng was joined by the British resistance group, Force 136, and was trained by the British for intelligence work. In 1943, he went to China to recruit men for Force 136. With a group of fellow Force 136 members, he landed in Japanese-occupied Malaya by submarine later that year and set up an intelligence network in the urban areas in Pangkor, Lumut, Tapah and Ipoh.